Ethical Implications About Global Tax Avoidance †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Ethical Implications Global Tax Avoidance. Answer: Presentation The issue of morals is topical in that it impacts on the tasks of practically all organizations. Fundamentally, morals alludes to the guidelines or rules that characterize good and bad direct (Robbins, 2010). In a similar vein, it tends to be seen that illuminated firms urge their administrators to look past the desires for the administrative framework and make the best decision (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). These socially mindful firms look to secure the since quite a while ago run interests of their partners and the earth. In any case, moral issues typically include clashing interests and individuals can differ about the correct game-plan to take in a given situation (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). In that capacity, this paper looks to talk about the moral ramifications of worldwide assessment evasion particularly by global organizations (MNCs). There are blended responses to the part of duty evasion since others empower it while others see it as ethically off-base. Duty shirking As indicated by Investopedia (2017), charge shirking includes the lawful utilization of an assessment system in one region. At the end of the day, enormous enterprises specifically register their organizations in a solitary region where they are at risk to pay burdens as opposed to paying to the separate nations in which they are working. Assessment safe houses are used for this situation and these are perceived purviews that are explicitly intended to encourage a decrease of expenses to the upside of the gathering in question. The significant outstanding viewpoint about duty shirking is that the training is lawful however the main contrast is that the assessment systems are directed in various locales separated from where the organization is really working. At the end of the day, the host nation benefits as business creation through remote direct speculation however it loses a lot as far as income assortment through duty evasion. Despite the fact that legitimate, charge evasion has different ramifications on the legislature of the host nation. Essentialness of corporate expense As indicated by Cobham and Jansk (2017), global corporate assessment is a significant wellspring of government income especially in creating nations, for example, Latin America, Sub Saharan Africa, Caribbean and South Asia. This thought has additionally been upheld by Myers (2017) who express that creating nations basically produce income from the expenses they charge partnerships working inside their ward. In any case, it very well may be seen that these creating nations regularly lose income because of duty evasion. When MNCs put resources into creating nations, they should settle burdens yet this isn't typically the situation. Corporate duties are additionally significant since they assume a critical job in the improvement of framework. By and large, the exercises of MNCs in creating nations cause harm to the earth thus the requirement for them to pay burdens that can thus be utilized to build up the foundation. Ramifications of expense shirking Enormous worldwide organizations working in creating nations are typically enrolled through seaward duty shelters specifically not in the nation wherein they work (Bearak, 2016). This activity denies the neighborhood governments enormous aggregates of duty income they should get from the tasks of these MNCs in their nations. For instance, it has been seen that Tullow, an association that is seen as Africas driving Independent Oil Company infers 84 % of its business income from Africa yet just four of its 81 auxiliary organizations are enrolled in Africa while 47 are enlisted in Tax safe houses (Bearak, 2016). This infers just four enlisted auxiliary organizations pay burdens in the nations in which they are enrolled in Africa. The remainder of the auxiliaries pay their assessments through duty safe houses which represents an ideal case of expense evasion. Most of African governments in which the association works don't profit a ton since they don't get corporate assessments from thes e organizations. The other model can be drawn from the instance of Panama Papers where huge aggregates of cash were traveled through duty shelters and this cash could have been burdened by the universes most unfortunate governments frantically needing cash (Bearak, 2016). The creating nations were undermined a lot since they lost enormous wholes of cash through duty shirking. In a similar vein, it very well may be seen that the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa has assessed that between $30 billion and $60 billion is lost by African governments through expense evasion every year (Bearak, 2016). Shockingly, this cash is siphoned lawfully from creating nations by the MNCs from the rich western nations specifically. The significant prominent angle here is that charge evasion is lawful since it isn't criminal in any capacity. The main contrast is that charge systems are directed in various wards separated from the host nation where the MNCs work as represented in the model clarified previously. Moral ramifications of the act of assessment shirking While the part of assessment shirking is legitimate as noted over, the ethical quality of the training has been addressed and regularly scrutinized by individuals from various areas of the general public. Morally, organizations ought to endeavor to make the best choice in their activities. At times, activities that are legitimate can be shameless by one way or another since they sway contrarily on the government assistance of most of the individuals in the earth in which they work. The companys activity should profit most of individuals in the earth in which it is working. This view is bolstered by the utilitarian hypothesis of morals. As per Robbins (2000), the utilitarian hypothesis of morals chiefly centers around the results of a specific activity on the others. As it were, it centers around the interests of the others since it plainly expresses that most of the individuals should profit by a strategy particularly by an organization. This moral hypothesis compares joy with great while torment is likened with wrong doing (Cavalier, 2002). Hence, the activity that carries the best bliss to the best number of individuals ought to be given unmistakable quality over the activity that is probably going to make enduring most of individuals. In to the extent the issue of expense evasion is concerned, it tends to be seen that its profound quality is faulty however the activity is seen as legitimate. Legitimately, there is nothing amiss with this training by a lot of MNCs that work in various nations yet paying their charges through assessment asylums. At long last, the host nations lose on corporate assessments which are genuinely necessary for different formative purposes. The MNCs ought to consider the interests of most of individuals in the host nations who should profit by the expenses they should pay as opposed to sidestepping them using assessment sanctuaries. Many creating nations are regularly at the less than desirable end since they for the most part depend on remote guide. Incidentally, these nations have huge regular assets that are dispossessed by the created nations that don't pay burdens that should profit the nearby individuals. Morally, this training ought to be denounced since it sabotages the interests of the others who should profit by their assets. MNCs ought to be cognisant of the way that their activities are adverse to the host nation in this manner they ought to repay the nearby governments through paying assessments legitimately to them as opposed to depending on duty safe houses that are directed in seaward locales. This will assist with tending to the abnormality where the neighborhood governments are in a bad way as opposed to making the most of their own riches. End It tends to be presumed that moral issues sway on the tasks of associations in different manners since they should look past composed laws and guidelines. As it were, organizations are relied upon to make the best choice in their work. As talked about over, the issue of morals is dubious since it is included clashing interests and there is no widespread understanding about what is correct. As delineated on account of multinationals working in poor nations, it very well may be seen that the issue of worldwide assessment evasion is a reason for worry since these countries are losing billions of dollars yearly through expense shelters where the enormous organizations are enlisted. Be that as it may, the part of expense asylums is legitimate and it doesn't disregard any law. The duties are appropriately regulated in seaward purviews and the law perceives this training as lawful. In any case, the profound quality of the training has regularly been reprimanded by numerous individuals since it subverts the interests of the nearby governments. They lose enormous aggregates of cash which should profit the nearby residents. This comes against the foundation of many creating nations being forced to bear remote guide as opposed to profiting by their characteristic assets ravaged by rich MNCs that don't settle corporate duties. Morally, this training can be seen as off-base since it doesn't profit most of individuals. References Bearak, M 2016. How worldwide tax avoidance keeps poor nations poor. Washington Post. Accessible at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/perspectives/wp/2016/04/08/how-worldwide tax-avoidance keeps-poor-nations poor/. Gotten to 13 May 2017. Cobham, An and Jansk, P (2017). Worldwide appropriation of income misfortune from charge Avoidance. More extensive Working Paper 2017/55. Accessible at: https://www.wider.unu.edu/locales/default/documents/wp2017-55.pdf. Gotten to 13 May 2017. Cobham, An, and L Gibson 2016. Completion the Era of Tax Havens. Why the UK Government Must Lead the Way. Oxfam Briefing Paper. Oxford: Oxfam. Recovered from: https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/oxfam/bitstream/10546/601121/4/bp-finishing time expense safe houses uk-140316-en.pdf Investopedia 2017. What is charge shirking? Accessible at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tax_avoidance.asp. Kotler, P Armstrong, G 2010. Principl

Writing Application Letters Free Essays

Application Letter There are a few errors and questionable articulations in the accompanying application letter for an occupation as a sales rep. Change it in the wake of making the remedies or correction to it. |Human Resources Department | |Avon Products (Guangzhou) Ltd. We will compose a custom article test on Composing Application Letters or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now | |3? f 420, E. Huanshi Road | |Guangzhou 510075 | |July 3, 2009-9-26 | |Dear Sir or Madam: | |Noticing the encased notice in today’s Yangcheng Evening Newspaper, I wish to apply low maintenance work as a salesgirl for| |the direct selling of your excellence items. | |I am a lesser understudy at Guangdong College of Commerce. My major is Marketing. I contemplated Marketing, Marketing Techniques, | |Psychology of Consumption, Psychology of Women, Business Law, Labor Law, Business Ethics, Communications, Public Relations, | |etc. | |I have some involvement with advertising over the most recent two years. Throughout the mid year excursion and winter get-away of 2008, I once | |stayed at the Beauty Products Counter in the Taibai Department Store as a salesgirl. A year ago I functioned as low maintenance | |salesgirl on Sundays for Procter and Gamble (Guangzhou) Ltd. I originate from house to house to sell Rejoice 2-in-1, and Head and | |Shoulders shampoos. | |I think my training and some involvem ent with showcasing will let me to offer administrations for your business advancement. On the off chance that you give me a| |trial, I would put forth a valiant effort to give you each fulfillment. I will anticipate for your answer. | |Sincerely yours, | |Kay Jin | Writing task Option #1: You have seen the accompanying selecting promotion in the nearby press and might want to go after the job. Peruse the promotion cautiously and compose a letter of utilization inside 100-120 words, giving subtleties of past encounters, pay, and so on. |Welcome to Our Team †Top Salary | |ASSISTANT SALES MANAGER needed by a universal organization producing material piece products. The candidate more likely than not had | |adequate involvement with the business division of a huge organization and be eager to acknowledge duty. | Option #2: You compose an application letter to go after a job that you might be keen on doing after graduation. Utilize your own instructive foundation and work understanding. What is an application letter? It isn't unexpected to send an introductory (letter of use) with your resume regardless of whether you are additionally sending a total application structure. There might be events when you need to send a letter of utilization, with which you encase a resume. Tips for composing winning application letters ? Compose the letter to a particular individual †the individual you believe is the person who might employ you. Go out of the way to discover the name of the individual who is in the likeliest situation to employ you. You can generally call the assistant and request the company’s street number and afterward solicit the name from the particular individual you’re searching for. Requesting a location makes it more probable that you’ll get the data you need as opposed to approaching just for the name of an individual with a particular title. ? Do your exploration. The more â€Å"general† your introductory letter, the less fruitful it is probably going to be. You need to exhibit that you know something about the reader’s organization, something that you needed to do some examination to discover. Tweaking your letter to a specific organization is great and makes you stand apart from the pack of the activity searchers. Mention to the peruser what you can accomplish for the organization, not what you need the organization to accomplish for you. Start by expressing so me particular manner by which you can support the organization or office achieve a specific objective, ideally giving a remarkable case of a related achievement. E. g. â€Å"Having had direct duty regarding three fruitful mergers in the vitality business, I am a perfect possibility to help you with making a smooth progress I your ongoing merger with Company X†. ? Be explicit about the activity you are looking for. Hirers would prefer not to fill in as your business advisor, they need you to have just gotten your work done and made sense of precisely what work you need. The â€Å"I can satisfy such a large number of jobs, simply put me where I’m required most† approach will get your letter recorded in the wastebasket. ? Measure your achievements. After your underlying eye catching proclamation of how you can support the organization and expressing your most noteworthy related achievement, list four or five extra achievements †bulleted and evaluated. ? Notice just achievements that straightforwardly identify with the activity you need to get. ? Keep it brief, concise and straightforward. Your introductory letter ought to be short and to the point. Once in a while should it be longer than one page. Keep in mind, you are attempting to catch the reader’s enthusiasm for find out about you. Recounting to your biography is exhausting. ? Make it simple on the eyes. When you’ve wrapped up your letter, print it up and take a â€Å"big picture† take a gander at it. Is it outwardly engaging? Is there a lot of blank area (utilizing projectiles expands the void area)? Is it loaded up with entangled sentences and stuck to the edges? Does it seem as though a letter you would need to peruse? ? Close with a greeting for the peruser to act. Advise the peruser you might want to talk or meet and incorporate these words: â€Å"Please call me at such-and-such a telephone number. † Don’t state â€Å"I’ll call you in a couple of days to development and check whether you’re inspired by meeting†. Step by step instructions to refer to Writing Application Letters, Papers

Paralegal Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Paralegal Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide Do you know a person who said that looking for a perfect job was easy? No?Well, we do not know such a person either!The truth is, the job search is frustrating, time-consuming and usually not at all fun.You are getting stressed-out, you doubt your capabilities, you hope they will choose you, and then get disillusioned if they do not.You are not alone, and hopefully, you will soon find the job you are looking for and all of this will stop. Finally, this is why we are here, to help you find the perfect job, and as we cannot guarantee that you will certainly get it, we do guarantee that you will be noticed and that you will receive more callbacks. This will improve your chances to shine in a face-to-face interview.So, what can we do for you?We can help you write the perfect resume to fit the specific needs of the job requirements.We have created a resume builder that will make it easy for you to create a resume in minutes, and we have prepared this guide so that you will know exactly wh at, and in which way to present it in the resume.The result?Your resume will be different, no, not different, BETTER from the majority of others which will help you stand out.Let us see what questions this guide will answer and what is it that you will learn reading it:Some of the questionsHow do I get more callbacks?How do I stand out?Is all information equally important?If not, how do I pick the right information?How long should my resume be?What are the most common mistakes people make while creating a resume?How do I organize my resume?Which layout should I use?Things that you will learnHow to make your resume be that one out of ten to be picked.What personal, professional, and educational information you should showcase, and how.How to tailor your resume based on the job application.How to make the necessary impression on the recruiters before they meet you.How to handle the experience section if you do not have any, and how to showcase it the best if you do.Do you want to quit the job search and hope that it will fall in your lap because all of this seems so difficult and almost impossible?Dont!We are here to help you make your resume the best opening argument, supporting evidence, and closing argument to the case of You.You are already well-aware that a great resume is an important and unavoidable ticket to your new or first job.We at Cleverism, have created a resume builder that will simplify the process of making that great resume, and we had in mind all the necessary aspects of it.Creating a resume has never been more stress-free than with our resume builder!You will not have to worry about forgetting some important information, and you will also be able to add more sections if you need to, and all of that is at the click of the mouse.So, pick the layout that seems the most interesting for you, try to find a font you like take notes as we go about explaining how an outstanding resume should look like, or just fill the desired layout as we go!Before w e start explaining each resume section and gradually answering all of your questions, let us take a look at these two examples of eye-catching, thought-provoking resumes.While you are going through them, try to make sense of what is important, and what were the mistakes that you, and everybody else has made at some point.You can later check your conclusions and make sure that your resume is simply perfect!Lets see!Resume Example for Alston Bird LLP Right Resume Example for Greenberg Law Firm Right Create your own resumeIn case these two examples were not enough for you to deduce what type of information you need to provide-read on as everything will be explained.And, even if you managed to figure it out, keep reading, as some other interesting and useful information are coming your way!Have our resume layout prepared and fill it in as we go about explaining each section you might find that it will save you some time, and you will not miss or forget anything important! Let us move on to each section in detail.HOW TO START YOUR RESUME THE BEST WAY WRITING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTIONThe personal information section is pretty much consistent regardless of what type of job you are applying for.It should contain all the necessary information that your recruiter might need if they want to contact you.The impression you leave with just those few little lines at the top of your resume can make a big difference in regards to whether they find that you are a good candidate or they leave your resume in the discard pile.Is your head spinning now, thinking about what can go wrong with such basic information?Lets see.First of all, let us list all the required information that you have to provide in your resume for it to be considered complete:Your full name first and last nameYour address where you currently liveYour e-mail address a valid e-mail, which you check dailyYour active phone number landline and/or mobile phoneIf you do not provide all of these, your resume is not complete and will not be taken seriously.Other information that you can provide are:Your photo this is a little tricky, as some countries find it inappropriate to send out a resume with a photo, while other countries HRs think otherwise. To be sure if you should include a photo, check the common practices of the said country, or check the resume requirements in the job application itself. If a photo is required they will often emphasize it.Your LinkedIn account LinkedIn account often separates you from others as the serious candidate, since today every candidate who thinks about presenting themselves has it. IF you do not, by all means, create one. It takes only a few minutes, and although it is not compulsory to provide it, it is beneficial. Its your modern-day business card.Your drivers license, and other licenses If your job requires you to have a drivers license you can provide that information, otherwise, you are not obligated. In your case, licenses of practicing law in any form are highly desirable.With our resume builder, you can easily add or remove sections with the information needed to tailor your own resume according to the job requirements. You can even choose a layout with or without a place for a photo so that is one less thing to worry about!Now, what are the most common mistakes that may spoil your initial impression? Let’s look at the examples below:NameNathaniel Proctor RightNameNat ProctorOrNathaniel P.N. Proctor WrongEmail example:natanielprocto r@gmail.com RightNatManProctor@gmail.com WrongAnd when it comes to photo, here is a good explanation:PhotoA photo on the resume should be a clean headshot. Your shoulders can be visible, but have to be properly dressed. Hair (and facial hair for gentlemen) should be neat and clean. The background neutral. RightPhotoMore than one person (you) on the photo, a party photo, photo from the beach, a photo where your face is not clearly visible… WrongMany candidates make the mistake of not having a specific e-mail for professional purposes.You can express your creativity and colorful personality in other ways, but childish and/or inappropriate e-mail address will not do you well when the HR is screening for candidates.Also, do not make your e-mail too complicated by adding random numbers (even your birthday) or letters, it will make it difficult to remember and recall when needed.Also, if you prefer to be called by a nickname, you can casually mention that later, when you have alread y gotten the job. Making it official in a resume is not appropriate- just think about this: you will potentially sign a contract. Is it legal if it is not your full name that is on it?PERFECT SUMMARY SECTION OF A PARALEGAL RESUME SHOULD FOLLOW THESE SIMPLE STEPSFor some people, the summary section is the easiest to write, while others struggle with it the most.It should be a short introduction, a hello to the recruiters, your personal why you should hire me before they even have time to ask that same question.This is the small place in the resume where you can show some traits of your personality rather than just giving pure information about yourself.The difficult part is keeping it short and sweet, but not too short.A great summary consists of 2-3 targeted sentences. It should say who you are without being braggy, it should mirror the most important requirements form the job application and it should tell the recruiters what you can contribute to the firm, as well as what they can do to help you thrive.Recruiters spend only seconds scanning the resumes so highlighting the right information is crucial.Lets look at an example of a good and a bad resume:SummaryA hardworking paralegal with 4+ years of experience, willing to continually research and learn new techniques is looking for a new, friendly working environment where I can put my expertise to good use and a healthy working environment with other dedicated colleagues I have successfully drafted over 300 court documents, and conducted over 800 client interviews. RightSummaryParalegal with 4+ years of experience WrongAnd it shouldn’t be too longs as well with a bunch of unnecessary info.WRITE EXPERIENCE THAT’LL IMPROVE YOUR CHANCES OF GETTING HIRED AS A PARALEGALThe experience section is the trickiest one. First of all, it is the section the recruiters are most focused on, so making this section great is crucial for your job application. Secondly, what do you do if you do not have any experience?The c ommon and most widely accepted order of information in a resume is- personal information, summary, experience, education, skills.If you are fresh out of college, you may switch it up personal info, summary, education and then experience and skills. In this way, you will highlight what you are proud of and good at, rather than lack of experience.And what about candidates with experience? In that case, your main concern is relevance.All of us have made a mistake of putting every job we have ever done since summer jobs during high school thinking that bombarding the HR with our diligence and readiness to take up any job will make them in awe of us.However, the recruiters spend less than 10 seconds scanning each resume, so what is the amount of relevant information they will get out of your resume if there are 6 separate points?The important information is most likely to get overlooked in this situation.To make the most of it, pick only the working experience that is directly related t o the job you are applying.If you are still particularly proud of a job that you have done in the past and it is not related to the legal field, be ready to answer questions like how it has prepared you for your legal career.The other thing you should consider is the order. Start from the last working experience and work down to the last one. You can list those seemingly unrelated jobs below the relevant ones.Make sure that you present your experience neatly. With our resume builder, you will not have to worry about that!But still, lets go over it.First state the period during which you held the position, then the position you held and then the institution you were working for.That is not the end, though. Make a little more effort and provide information about your duties and accomplishments. Make them short and concise, yet specific. Right WrongWHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO WRITE THE EDUCATION SECTION FOR PARALEGAL RESUMEThe easiest part to fill in is indisputably the education section. It is pretty straightforward and there are not many questions about which aspect of your education you should highlight.As in the experience section, use the reverse-chronological order to list your formal education. State the institution and the degree you have acquired.A mistake that is often made is leaving it just at that. The next thing you should do is list your achievements during those particular studies. What do we mean by that?State what you have learned, point out your GPA if it is outstanding, list any awards that you might have won, honors or scholarships, participation in a group of some sort, or a cause that you helped during studies.Other information you can include aside from the college education of any level, should be any courses you have taken, licenses, and certificates that you have acquired.List the specific skills a nd achievements as you did with formal education information.The achievements should be the maximum length of two lines.What about high-school you ask? Well, the general rule of thumb is that it should be avoided unless directly related to the job you are applying for, but in the case of legal occupation, being a president of the debate club, or winning in some sort of related competition can be an indicator that they are looking for a person just like you.Use our layouts to quickly add and remove the education section information, it is really that easy! Right WrongUSE THESE TIPS TO CREATE THE BEST SKILLS SECTIONAre you a horseback rider? Can you swim 2 lengths of a pool on one breath?Great!Is that important for a Paralegal job application? Nope. Those, and similar skills, although admirable, should not find their place on your skills section.Many candidates think that they should highlight everything they know, but unless it helps you do the job you are applying to avoid it.Your interesting but non-job-related skills may come up in a casual conversation over a coffee break in the office later on, but on your resume, they draw attention away from those skills that make you the perfect candidate for the job, which does not go to your advantage.The recruiters will remember you as an interesting but not the right person for the job.Aside from listing everything, there are two more common mistakes regarding the skills section listing them at random, and not specifying the level of knowledge.So, first of all, make a list of all your relevant skills and divide them into two categoriestechnical knowledge i.e. familiarity with certain programs, laws, computer and typing skillsAndpersonal skills communication skills, personal characteristics that make you great at what you doIf you speak another language, by all means, showcase it. Right WrongThere are several ways in which you can express the level of a certain skill descriptive, star-based, graded, and others.Pick the one that suits you the most, you can choose many layout variations at our resume builder and start letting others know how great you are!FINAL TIPS TRICKS THAT EVERY PARALEGAL SHOULD KNOWKeep it professional. We cannot stress this enough. Your employer wants a professional figure in their working environment so this is how you should present yourself.Before sending out your resume, have a family member or a friend check it for type-Os. When you pay so much attention to detail, ironically, the details are exactly what you may miss.Make your resume fit on one page. This will allow your recruiters to have all the information at a glance, and they are less likely to miss an important one. If it is longer than one page, revise it and see which information is the least relevant and then delete it.Keep a master resume with all your working experience and education and update it regularly. This will make it easier to create a resume for a specific job.Tailor-make your resume for each job application. Use the guidelines from this guide, and make even the smallest adjustments according to the job description.Save your CV in a PDF, rather than any other format. You can use a link as well. They are uneditable, neat and easy to access.Use our resume builder to help you create your CV as fast as it is possible. You will not have to worry if the format is okay, and you will not have any trouble whatsoever filling it in.Before actually going on an interview, prepare the answers to the possible questions. If none come to mind, again, ask someone to take the role of the recruiters and see what may be interesting. The usual questions are Why do you want this job?, What do you think you can contribute, or Why did you leave your previous job? there are more, so be creative when you practice.FINAL THOUGHTSWhether you will get the first or the ten th job you go on an interview for, we do not know. However, we are absolutely certain that you will get more callbacks, and that your resume will be noticed in the sea of others.Getting the job eventually depends only on you and how you compare to the other candidates, as well as the needs of your prospective employer.We wish you good luck and hope you will dazzle the recruiters with your personality as well as with your resume! Create your own resume

Business Law Case Study Final Paper - 2080 Words

Final Paper Case Study 11 In the Final Paper (Case Study) it speaks to the following case and circumstances. Knarles and Barkley are father and son respectively. Barkley is seventeen years old. They operate a facilities maintenance company that regularly does business in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. The company is based in Maryland. They have a number of contracts with building owners where they have agreed to provide building maintenance to both residential and commercial buildings within the three jurisdictions already mentioned. They receive a monthly payment of $2,000 to $4,000 depending upon the size of the building. They bill the owners for any equipment of a substantial nature that has to be replaced.†¦show more content†¦He is the shadiest operator in this region and would shoot his mother for a buck. What a crook!† One of the people at lunch, Joe Stucko, says: I agree with you. Chetum stole my plans for converting old HVAC systems to new ones. I should sue him for stealing my ideas.† Knarles later learns from his son of the agreement that he entered into with Cheatum on behalf of the firm. Knarles calls Chetum and tells him he wants no part of the agreement and tells him he will messenger a check over to his office minus the charge for the work already completed by the plumber. Chetum sues for breach of contract. Some of the legal actions that can be taken are as follows. Defamation The comments Joe Stucko made are clearly factual. Assuming that they are made with knowledge of falisity or reckless disregard of the truth, then Stucko is liable for defamation. However, the truth is an absolute defense for defamation- so, if Stucko’s statements are true, then he is not liable for defamation. In regards to other legal issues that are to be addressed I will break them down by a case by case basis. Residents vs. Chetum Under common law, Battery is an intentional harmful or offensive touching of one another without consent or privilege. When Chetum tells the plumber to â€Å"fix it†, in reference to the boiler, while simultaneouslyShow MoreRelatedPsy 100 Week 8 Assignment 2 – Adjustment Case Study – New Updated Work1210 Words   |  5 PagesPSY 100 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 – ADJUSTMENT CASE STUDY – NEW UPDATED WORK To purchase this Click here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/psy-100-week-8-assignment-2-adjustment-case-study-new-updated-work/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM PSY 100 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 - ADJUSTMENT CASE STUDY - NEW UPDATED WORK Write a three to six (3-6) page paper in which you: 1. Summarize the two (2) articles you selected from the NPR Website. 2. 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Rhetorical Visual Analysis of Chanel Advertisement Essay

Abby Mitchell Ms. Blommer English 1010 October 1, 2012 Rhetorical Visual Analysis of Chanel Advertisement Few people realize the true impact of product advertising, but the truth is that the modern consumer is severely affected and often subconsciously influenced by advertisements, especially if it is a quality and persuasive advertisement. But how does one create an effective ad? That is literally the million-dollar question that keeps the advertising industry so competitive and prosperous. The French fashion house, Chanel, has constructed a striking and persuasive image to lure the public into desiring and ultimately purchasing its product through the appeal of ethos and effective visual tools. Fig. 1. Coco Mademoiselle†¦show more content†¦In order to maintain its credibility, Chanel has had a number of illustrious celebrity endorsers, including model Kate Moss, actresses Nicole Kidman, Audrey Tautou, and now Keira Knightley. By having such a renowned face for its latest fragrance, Chanel has not only accomplished the feat of maintaining its credibility, but it has enticed the viewer. Though the advertisement is already very strong because of this prior ethos, it is even further enhanced by its selective visual implementations. The medium of this advertisement is photography. This was chosen because only photography is able to portray a completely realistic image. By expressing a realistic image, Chanel suggests that this image, look, beauty, and glamour is achievable for any woman. Chanel makes the assumption that every woman wishes to have such qualities and will go to many lengths in order to achieve them, such as buying their product. In order to affectively convey these desired qualities, Knightly is photographed wearing light makeup, except for the dark smokey shadow encompassing the flesh around her eyes, suggesting drama and allure. Knightly has a sensual yet penetratingly powerful and confident expression. The composition of the photograph is mapped so that Knightley’s eyes first capture the viewer and then their attention is pulled up to the tex t in the top right corner, then down towards the fragrance bottle in front of Knightley’s bottomShow MoreRelatedAdvertisements : How Do They Persuade Us ?3275 Words   |  14 PagesAdvertisements  : How do they persuade us  ? Advertisements are part and parcel of our lives. Perhaps, they are one of the most decisive and, at the same time, imperceptible factors moulding and channelling our â€Å"purchasing habits,† so to speak. On the face of it, advertisements promote products and services; they create demand by dint of inducing and increasing consumption. Yet, the ways in which they convey their messages have a profound effect on all aspects of our lives: our happiness, our cultureRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 PagesChapter III. Slogans, Logos, Types†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....18 1. What`s your tone?..............................................................................................19 2. Some thoughts on colour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Chapter IV. Advertisement as a service†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.23 1. Social benefits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 2. Mass Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 Chapter V. News Agencies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 1. Newspapers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 2. Periodicals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Edmund Burke French Revolution Free Essays

Edmund Burke demonstrates in his Conciliation speech that he is a well versed orator. He appears to be quite the moralist, as well as maintaining an air of arrogance at times. My initial thought is that he is s staunch supporter of the Colonists. We will write a custom essay sample on Edmund Burke: French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now As I continued to review his speech, I began to think he may just be attempting to dissuade any effort of war by the Colonists, seeking greater revenue for England. Burke seems to be playing to the honorable egos of the House of Commons as he states, â€Å"†¦ ennoble the flights of the highest genius, and obtain pardon for the efforts of the meanest understanding. This is surely an attempt to gain favor by putting at the forefront of thought to the men who passed the various Acts, they are able to recant while maintaining some sort of personal honor and dignity. By using himself and his thoughts as an example of the difficulty of the idea, he brings forth the question of how intelligent men of the time can reject reason. Interesting though is Burke’s proposition of peace. As I understand it, he is simply proposing peace in the truest sense. No conditions, no complications, based simply on each man’s own understanding of peace. Burke’s proposal of offering peace, removing any types or forms of conflict, the Colonies will once again gain trust in the Crown. He claims that trust through peace, removing any hindrance, loyalty to the British government can be recovered. Interesting enough, Burke states, â€Å"Let the Colonists always keep the idea of civil rights associated with your government †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of the word idea and its meaning must be correct, as Burke is very intelligent and careful with his words. This is an attempt to gain approval by speaking to the egos of the members of Parliament. If the Colonists believe their civil rights are being honored, regardless if it is true or not, allegiance to the crown will remain solid. Liberty and freedom are the rights the Colonists want. If the Colonists believe England is providing liberty, the colonies will be freely bound to England forever. Burke implores that for the Colonists to have the freedom, Parliament must give up its interest. With this revenue will freely return to England. This must have been quite an ironic thought for the members of the House of Commons, surrender to win. Surely Burke was right. Prior to the Act of Navigation, the colonies considered themselves British subjects and freely traded with the Mother Country. With the implementation of The Act, England reverted from a parent-child, superior-subordinate relationship to that of master and slave. The Colonists immigrated to America for a new found freedom, not to be bound by England. As English subjects, Colonists only wanted to be treated as equals to the country men in the Motherland, participating in freedom. Burke shows great insight when he states that papers, notices, clauses do not make the government. It is a feeling of communal participation that provides life and vitality to men. When Burke states, â€Å"It is the spirit of the English Constitution which, infused through the mighty mass, pervades, feeds, unites, invigorates, vivifies every part of the Empire, even down to the minutest member,† he demonstrates a basic understanding of human need. The need to feel dignity, to feel alive, to feel esteem, and most of all to feel free. As Burke ends his conciliation speech it seems as if he changes course and begins to speak to the arrogance of the Parliament members. Surely none of the members of the House would like to think of themselves as arrogant and pompous. Decisions based upon arrogance and ego would cause failure. They represent the people, humbly of course. He informs that his idea of conciliation would only seem chimerical to those â€Å"far from being qualified,† to be in charge of an empire such as England. None of the Lords of the House would like to think of themselves as non-qualified for the positions. A higher calling is needed. Not the idea within the minds of men, the elevated minds of men as called on by providence. Burke is bringing religion into the thought process, as men of the church would make a morally right decision. It is difficult to fully understand the personality and temperament of Edmund Burke reading his speech on Conciliation of America. Burke presents himself in a myriad of different personas. He is humble, yet arrogant. He seems to be looking out for the best interests of the Colonists from a moral standpoint. Although, while reading, it appears that he also is looking out for the best interests of England. Especially towards the end of his speech when he states, â€Å"Let us get an American revenue as we have got an American empire. † This tends to make the reader think that he may have been looking out for the interests only of England, his ideas the most feasible way to reach the end result. Regardless of the motive, if the ideas of Edmund Burke were implemented the course of history would certainly have been different. How to cite Edmund Burke: French Revolution, Papers

Digital Marketing of Splash Fashion

Question: Discuss about theDigital Marketing of Splash Fashion. Answer: Introduction Digital Marketing is the most technologically ameliorate method to reach out to the consumers. It is seen as the most efficient way to conduct and expand a business. The concept of digital marketing has evolved into a new dimension since its first implementation in 1990s (Fulgoni Lipsman, 2014). Consumers can be targeted by optimizing strategies like search engine optimization, e-commerce, display advertising, marketing in social media and even through mobile phones (Thoring, 2011). Splash, the well established fashion company of UAE has been using this approach to expand their business. Through this essay an evaluation of this fashion industrys performance after digitalizing their product portfolio has been portrayed. The chosen organization Splash has been into commerce since 1993. It is a division of Landmark Group, the popular retail conglomerates in Africa, India and Middle East. The company at present has branches in 14 countries and are trying to reach out the global customers (Fashion, 2016). Before implementation of digital marketing only the people who resided in that location could get access to the products. The first and most important benefit received from bringing the company on digital platform is that now it can reach out to customers worldwide. In a report it has been found that social media and digital marketing has played a major role in empowering the companies to enhance their business. (Powers, 2012). Before plunging into digital marketing, the company must follow few simple strategies like: Setting Goals: It implies finding out the target that the company wants to achieve, like target more customers, target to move ahead of competitor and target to get more recognitions. Our chosen apparel industry targets to expand its customer portfolio by offering wide range of collections for their customer. But in recent times Splash fashion has been facing a cut off in their share of profit. Market Funnel Creation: A company who expertise in creating a good market funnel is expected to face lesser risk. It involves tracking the expected moves of the consumers and implementing strategies likewise. Call-to-Action: It is a way to channelize customers into the companys page to collect information. Call-to-Action is conducted by sending text or picture messages to customers and influencing them to visit certain website through given links. Traffic optimization: By ensuring keyword strategy, use of social media, quality contents and website optimization a digital marketing strategy can aim their targeted customers towards themselves. Splash fashion used the social media like Facebook, Twitter, etc to reach out to their customers while they are busy socializing (Thoring, 2011). It can be concluded that the company has achieved success by spreading out to global customers via an easy to use, well organized online portal. It has also conducted fashion shows and uploaded it on internet for the customers to spread product information to them. It has bagged the award titled Most Admired Marketing Campaign in 2011 and the Dubai Lynx Award in 2014. Earning the Powerbrand Award consecutively for 4 times in 2013 in it-self proves the success of this company in digital marketing (Fashion, 2016). References: Fashion, S. (2016). Splash - In love with Fashion. Www2.splashfashions.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016, from https://www2.splashfashions.com/in/en/about-us Fulgoni, G., Lipsman, A. (2014). Numbers, please: Digital game changers: How social media will help usher in the era of mobile and multi-platform campaign-effectiveness measurement.Journal of Advertising Research,54(1), 11-16. Powers, T., Advincula, D., Austin, M. S., Graiko, S., Snyder, J. (2012). Digital and social media in the purchase decision process.Journal of advertising research,52(4), 479-489. Thoring, A. (2011). Corporate tweeting: analysing the use of Twitter as a marketing tool by UK trade publishers.Publishing research quarterly,27(2), 141-158.

R IC H FIE L D GR A D U ATE I NS T IT U TE OF TE C Essays

R IC H FIE L D GR A D U ATE I NS T IT U TE OF TE C H NO L OGY ( P T Y) L T D FA C U L T Y OF I N F O R M A T I O N T E C H N OL O G Y C O M P U T ER S E C U R I T Y 6 0 0 1 S T SE M ES T ER A S S I G N M E N T N a m e S u r n a m e: IC A S N o : Q u a l i f i c atio n : S e m est e r : M o d u l e N a m e: D ate S u b m i t t e d : A S S E S S M E N T CR I T E R IA M A RK A LL O C A T I ON E X A M I N E R M A R K S M O D E R A TOR M A R K S M A R K S F O R C O N T E N T QU E S TI O N ONE 30 QU E S TI O N T WO 30 QU E S TI O N T H R E E 30 T O T A L M A R K S 90 M A R K S F O R T ECH N I C A L A S P EC T S 1. T A B L E OF CO N T E N T S Acc u rate n u m b e ri n g a c cor d i n g t o t h e n u m b e ri n g in t e xt a n d p age n u m b e r s . 2 2. L A Y O U T A N D S P E LL I N G Fo n t - Calibri 12 Li n e S p aci n g - 1.0 Margin sh o u ld b e j u s tif i e d . 3 3. R E F E R E N C E Accor d i n g t o t h e H ar v ard M e t h od 5 T O T A L M A R K S 10 T O T A L M A R K S F O R A S S I GN M E N T 100 E xa m i n e r ' s C o m m e n ts: M o d e r at o r ' s C o m m e n ts: S i g n a t u r e o f Ex a m i n e r : S i g n a t u r e o f M o d e r a t o r : QUE S T I O N O N E [ 3 0 M A R K S ] 1. 1 V i r u s es, w o r m s, T r o jan h o rses, and hacki n g a r e all se c u rity issues in o u r c o m p u t e r ne t wo r k. Each o f t h e s e m alwa r es o r p r o g ra m s att a ches and sp r eads in di f fere n t w a y s. Thro u g h hacki n g h ack e rs can in f e c t c o m p u t ers w i th v ar i o u s t y p es o r m alware and v ir u ses. E xp l ain w h at v ir u ses are, h o w it o ccurs a n

Conquest

Conquest The day they landed was the most horrible day I have ever been forced to live through.The Soviet Union had begun to regroup. It was not immediately joined by the smaller and weaker nations that made up the northwestern region of the union.The independent nations of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithua would not follow under communist rule again; they were willing to die for their freedom. The U.S.S.R was unable to persuade the remaining components to rejoin them in their conquest and they were hasty to declare war on their counterparts.With war waging in Eastern Europe the United Nations took action. The leader of Russia's communist party and president rejected the UN's cease-fire treaty. Russia was expelled from the United Nations early the next day.The CIA agent, Newton, inched his way through the air conditioning make an effort to remain as quiet as possible. Once he reached the ventilator above the leader's bedroom he unveiled his device, a new prototype developed by his agency.English: A rtcarfest in San Francisco, United State...This devise would unscrew and disable any form of fastener. Using a laser divertor to abstract the laser alarm system path the agent lowered himself into the room.Waiting for the man, a smaller man yet more powerful. The door creaked open slowly and an exhausted fat man entered. As soon as the door had been closed the fat man's throat had been gashed and he lay in a pool of his own warm blood.The United States had volunteered to be a 'cut-off' regiment. We would put pressure on Russia to remove their troops from Eastern Europe and detain their troops in Russia. If they failed to comply with this mandate we would have no choice but to supply aid to Eastern Europe.My regiment was originally from the Southern California area;...

Hand Hygiene in the Practice of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hand Hygiene in the Practice of Nursing - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that the nursing code of conduct stipulates that effective communication entails: Respect to patients’ confidentiality. Some cultures do not allow sharing of certain information the practitioner should know the patients’ culture, religion and essential background in advance. Nurses should practice keen listening skills, use of non-verbal communication and to apply a professional language when dealing with patients. In addition, they should also have good writing skill in the case of record keeping. According to McCabe and Timmins, effective communication in the practice of nursing results in Improvement in, patients' conditions; increase in rates of recovery and patients’ satisfaction with nursing services.This essay highlights that  an advanced beginner demonstrates levels of acceptable performance. This category of learners has gained prior experience in relation to actual circumstances and has recognized the relevance of thes e components. At this stage, actions are guided by gained principles from prior experience. The first few weeks of my study mainly focused on infection prevention through hand hygiene. During this period, the reporter learnt that, mere negligence of failing to disinfect hands before attending to a patient can lead to negative consequences. Hands are the main causes of health care associated infections. Healthcare associated infections (HCAI) can result in advanced illness, slow recovery rate, increase in patients’ level of stress.... Some cultures do not allow sharing of certain information the practitioner should know the patients’ culture, religion and essential background in advance. Nurses should practice keen listening skills, use of non-verbal communication and to apply a professional language when dealing with patients (Nursing Council of New Zealand 2012). In addition, they should also have good writing skill in the case of record keeping. According to McCabe and Timmins (2006), effective communication in the practice of nursing results in Improvement in, patients' conditions; increase in rates of recovery and patients’ satisfaction with nursing services. In this study I will discuss my learning from a novice to an advanced beginner in the practice of hand hygiene in nursing. I will outline how Gibb’s cycle of reflection helped in my learning process. The importance of hand hygiene; the latest policies in hand washing and how Blooms taxonomy of learning helped in gaining; new knowledg e, new skills, and new attitude. DESCRIPTION: FROM NOVICE TO ADVANCED BEGINNER At the time, I commenced my undergraduate degree in nursing on 27th march 2013; my knowledge in this field was quit vague. I thought of nursing as a routine practice to patients’ recovery as I had previously witnessed in hospitals. Health practitioners I encounter in health facilities do not take the issue of hand hygiene as serious as it should be. It had never crossed my mind that hand hygiene was such an integral part of nursing. In the initial days of my learning, I did not consider decontaminating my hands before I attend to a patient. According to Benner (2001), there are five levels in a nurse’s career experience, this include; novice, advance beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. Novice refers to a beginner

Protein Extraction and Gel Electrophoresis Lab Report

Protein Extraction and Gel Electrophoresis - Lab Report Example The sodium dodecyl sulfate coats the proteins in proportion to their molecular weight and then confers the same negative electrical charge across all proteins in the sample. The rate of migration of a polypeptide in SDS-PAGE is inversely proportional to the logarithm of its molecular weight. This means that the larger the polypeptide, the slower it migrates in a gel. The molecular weight is determined by comparing the migration of protein spots to the migration of standards. Plots of log molecular weight versus the migration distance are reasonably linear. The proteins separated by SDS-PAGE are often recovered in a procedure that involves localizing the protein of interest on the gel following SDS-PAGE, eluting the protein from the gel, removing the sodium dodecyl sulfate from the eluted sample, and finally renaturing the protein for subsequent analysis. Proteins that are eluted from gels are used in varied downstream applications successfully, such as protein chemistry, determinatio n of amino acid composition, identification of polypeptides that correspond to specific enzyme activity, and other purposes.The analysis of protein concentrations is a significant assay in biochemistry research. The Bradford assay is one of the most widely used methods to determine concentrations of protein, relative to a standard. The technique is based on the formation of a complex between proteins in solution and the dye. This assay is commended for overall use, particularly for assessing concentrations of proteins for gel electrophoresis.... The proteins separated by SDS-PAGE are often recovered in a procedure that involves localizing the protein of interest on the gel following SDS-PAGE, eluting the protein from the gel, removing the sodium dodecyl sulfate from the eluted sample, and finally renaturing the protein for subsequent analysis. Proteins that are eluted from gels are used in varied downstream applications successfully, such as protein chemistry, determination of amino acid composition, identification of polypeptides that correspond to specific enzyme activity, and other purposes. The analysis of protein concentrations is a significant assay in biochemistry research. The Bradford assay is one of the most widely used method to determine concentrations of protein, relative to a standard. The technique is based on the formation of a complex between proteins in solution and the dye, Brilliant Blue G. This assay is commended for overall use, particularly for assessing concentrations of proteins for gel electrophores is. It is based on observations that absorbance maximum for acidic mixtures of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 that do shift from 465 nm up to 595 nm at a time when protein binding occurs. The assay is effective because of the extermination coefficient of the albumin-dye complex solution is usually constant over a range of 10-fold concentration (Westermeier, Naven & Ho?pker, 2008). The dye reacts mainly with arginine residues but less with histidine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine residues. Seemingly, this examination is not all that perfect for acidic or basic proteins. However, it is somewhat sensitive to the bovine serum albumin, even more than most proteins, by a factor of two. Gamma globulin (IgG) is the protein standard of preference. The objective of this

Summary of the Viking Raids in Ireland

Summary of the Viking Raids in Ireland Burying items of personal, social or economical value in hoards was not only exclusive to the Viking era, indeed hoards have been found dating back to the hunter gatherer period during the Mesolithic and Paleoindian era.  [1]  By analysing Viking hoards it is possible to glimpse into the wide ranging grasp of the Viking economy and into the minting process and silver metallurgy of the world at the time. Silver was used as the principal means of exchange throughout the Viking world . Silver hoards in Ireland are crucial evidence for trade, status and lifestyle of the Vikings and the Irish, and the relationship both societies had with one another due to the many finds. In order to fully understand the implications the Viking settlement had on Ireland and the subsequent relationship which was built between the two communities; a brief summary of events leading to the burial of hoards in Ireland is required to draw any possible links between the two. However it is tempting and someti mes unwise to assume a link between the deposition of particular hoards with specific historical events as some may have been deposited for purely local or family reasons. What is certain is that a vast majority of hoards were buried for safe keeping, which is proven by the fact that the majority of coin hoards found coincided with the defeat of the Vikings at Tara in 980AD. Gold hoards found in Hare Island and silver hoards found in Lough Ree (which a Viking fleet from Limerick dominated during the 920s and 930s) also show a connection between occupation of land by Vikings and the subsequent burial of hoards.  [2]   Nevertheless all plausible circumstances must be researched in order to come to a conclusion or at least a range of possibilities concerning the purpose of a specific hoard. This essay will concentrate on case studies of specific hoards after a brief summary of Viking settlement in Ireland. Chapter I: Brief Summary of Viking raids and subsequent occupation in Ireland The first recorded Viking raid in Ireland took place in 795 AD in Rathlin. Thereafter Viking attacks continued in the form of costal raiding. After a series of raids in the north the Vikings moved westward where there were multiple monasteries in 807AD, of which some were raided. For the first time annals begin to report violence (although no battles) between the Vikings and the Irish. After a break there began attacks once again by the Vikings on the south coast of Ireland in 821AD along with further raids in the north-east in 823AD. From 825AD the annals report severe attacks along the east coast of Ireland on churches and local costal kingdoms. There was also significant engagement with local Irish kings and with this the first Viking Age in Ireland had begun.  [3]   In 832AD a Viking fleet once again invaded Irelands northern and eastern coasts. During the 830s raids, the Vikings began to push deeper into Ireland. In 838AD a small Viking fleet entered the river Liffey. The Vikings set up a base there called a Longphort which eventually became Dublin. Dublin became the most important and wealthiest centre in Viking Ireland. It is no coincidence that the majority of silver hoards were found in the Dublin area which had a wealth unequalled in the west of Ireland and indeed the majority of the Viking world.  [4]  Silver which was used throughout the Viking world as the main material of exchange has been found in large quantities in Ireland, over a hundred and thirty silver hoards to be precise. A hundred and twenty of these were found in Dublin dating from the 9th until the 11th century. The Vikings were able to branch off into different areas in the country by sailing through the river Liffey. The Vikings then began to build trading centres that developed into towns and cities around the Irish coast from the middle of the 9th century. It was in these places that the first coins in Ireland were minted as well as trading goods and slaves. Economic links were established with the wider Viking world for example the town of Jorvik (York) in England, across Europe and the Near East. After 840AD, Vikings had several bases in strategic locations throughout Ireland. In 902 the Vikings were temporarily expelled from Dublin due to an Irish alliance, however they soon returned. The Viking rulers of Dublin became involved with the political conflicts between Irish kingdoms which reached its pinnacle when in 1014 the Vikings of Dublin allied with Leinster in their battle for supremacy against Munster. The Vikings and Leinstermen were defeated in the Battle of Clontarf which is se en as the end of Viking power in Ireland. However Vikings still played an active role in Irish life until the Anglo Norman invasion of 1169.  [5]   The earliest raids which occurred up to the second decade of the 9th century are said to have been undertaken from the Vikings from south-west Norway. The more violent attacks which occurred in 821AD and later were conducted by a larger and more organized force. There would have been logistical problems bringing large fleets from Norway and therefore a theory is that the invaders came from nearby, namely the Viking settlements in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland.  [6]  These large scale raids led to the occupation of the Irish east  midlands. Full term occupation in Ireland can generally said have begun with exploratory raids, then heavy plundering and slaving in order to break the resistance of the Irish population and then finally occupation and the establishment of a regional kingdom. Vikings in Ireland adopted a different strategy of colonising Ireland namely economically. From the mid 9th century Vikings became very involved in politics by siding with Irish kings against other Irish kings. In the early decades of 10th century, Vikings realized they could not conquer through force and started founding trade centres instead such as the aforementioned Dublin which became important for Irish sea affairs and commercial centre of international importance. The raids and consequent settlements by Vikings in the east of Ireland were particularly intense due to the Viking Kings of Scotland in the middle of the 9th century having previously exercised authority over the Vikings and their settlements in Ireland (though not over all as annals report activities of Viking adventures with no commitments to Scottish Viking royalty). Whereas the Norwegian raids of the north and the west Ireland were conducted by small, mobile Viking groups, by 830AD Viking raiders consisted of large fleets of ships which led to permanent bases being established on the coasts by 840AD. Dublin was to be the most significant of these settlements long term. Chapter II: The debates surrounding Viking hoards in Ireland Viking hoards in Ireland can be defined in three categories, coinless hoards, mixed hoards and coin hoards. Using silver in form of coinage did not happen until the late Anglo-Saxon economy of the Viking Age and so the worth of silver was measured in weight and therefore was acceptable in other forms which some hoards represent by including a mixture of cut up fragments of ingots and/or ornaments and later on, coins.  [7]  Silver started appearing in Ireland from 850AD in the form of coins and ingots which correlates with the beginning of Viking settlement in Ireland. Single Viking age silver finds in Ireland also appear which raises the question of what the purpose of burying silver hoards was. The threat of Viking raids would be sufficient for the burial of hoards in order to protect the wealth which could be later, but was not, reclaimed. This is a plausible explanation however there are other possible reasons why hoards were buried and then not recovered. One theory is that pagans in the Viking Age believed that the deceased would need riches in the afterlife which were the treasures he had buried whilst still  alive. However this story was written long after the Christianisation of Scandinavia and so it in uncertain about its accuracy. Another possible reason for burying hoards was in order to protect silver generally (without specific threat of invasion) by leaders so that they could in time reward their followers with silver. This display of wealth and power could also have lead to hoards of silver being buried in order to eliminate them from circulation, creating a talking point for others.  [8]   Another debate is who buried which hoards. Hoards do not seem to completely correlate with the pattern of Norse settlement, although there are numerous finds near Dublin. More hoards are found in territories controlled by independent Irish Kings than in areas controlled by Vikings.  [9]  All this information raises the question of what use hoards had for the Irish and Vikings. The study of distribution of hoards shows us that many of them where in native ownership when buried. However it is also possible that the hoards were given to the Irish by Vikings for political reasons, or were looted items. Many other hoards on the other hand represent Viking wealth. By end of millennium Viking hoards contained rarely anything but coins.  [10]   Chapter III: Coinless hoards Generally coinless hoards consist of a range of ornaments and/or ingots and hack silver. In total there are to date fifty-one coinless hoards of early Viking Age date . Coinless hoards can be divided into three sub-groups on the basis of their form and structure. Analysing hoards in this way enables a more specific research into their intended purpose and origin. One type of Viking age coinless hoard contains neither hack silver nor ingots and is composed exclusively of complete ornaments. Most of these ornaments are of Hiberno Scandinavian type and vary in their style from four examples. These types of hoards account of nearly half the total number of coinless hoards.  [11]   Half of all Viking age hoards from the 9th and 10th century fall into the coinless category and consist largely or wholly of Hiberno-Scandinavian ornaments. Examples of these finds consist of hoards from Raphoe in County Donegal and Cushalogurt in County Mayo. The most common item found in coinless hoards are the broad band armrings which are Hiberno-Scandinavian silver artefacts. Their dates range between 850AD and 950AD. This case study concerns itself with this sub-group of Viking silver hoards. Case Study:A Hoard of Viking silver bracelets from County Donegal and County Mayo: Until 1966 there were the remains of what appears to have been a rath or cashel in the townland of Roosky in east County Donegal.. The owner of the land decided to build a house with a ford and cleared away most of the surrounding wall. Several foundation trenches were cut for the foundation walls of the new house but no archaeological evidence was found. However whilst demolishing the wall of the fort, four silver bracelets where discovered on the surface of the ground on the inside. This lead the finder to believe that the bracelets had fallen down with the wall itself which would mean that they had been hidden in one of the gaps between the stones of the wall. This indicates that the fort was built earlier that the making of the bracelets. The four objects were found so closely together than they could only be interpreted as a hoard. The four bracelets are common in types of Viking silver work in Europe. In Ireland no silver bracelet resembling those from Roosky has so far been found. Those found in Britain range in dates from 900AD to the 11th century. 7 In Eastern Europe, bracelets which have been found that have resemblance to the Roosky bracelets date to the first half of the 12th century. This suggests the original source being from the west and/or influence from that area. Muslim Spain has also been suggested as the original source but little evidence supports this.  [12]  J. Raftery concludes that the bracelets were probably Norse in origin as their shape has no forerunners in Ireland and the nature of the ornamentation on them has no parallels amongst native Irish material. This does not however dismiss the possibility of the bracelets being made in Ireland by Norse or Irish silversmiths. The conclusion by à Ã‚ . à Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Ó Rà ­ordà ¡in that Viking silver ornaments of Irish provenance were made in Ireland and the material used is the product of silver mines in Ireland has little evidence to back the claim up.  [13]  14 This hoard is interesting because of where it was, namely near the coast. Most Viking hoards come from near the coast. This could suggest that the pattern of chance finds of Viking objects coincided with what we know of the movements of Norsemen. However some of these discoveries could represent Irish loot from Vikings who had ventured ashore. The number of Norse items from non costal areas is quite small. A hoard of 25 silver bracelets and fragments was discovered in 1939 on the peninsula in the townland of Cushalogurt, Kilmeena parish, Burrishoole barony, County Mayo. The discovery was only six yards from the shore. This hoard is the largest of its king known in Ireland. It is connected to the Roosky hoard findings in that as regards to shape and decoration, the bracelets are unparalleled amongst earlier Irish material but do occur often in Viking age contexts of Scandinavia and Europe. Their popularity continued in Scandinavia until the 13th century but in Britain their popularity assessed on deposition ceased at an earlier date. à Ã‚ . à Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Ó Rà ­ordà ¡in pointed out when discussing the bracelets from Carrowmore in Co. Donegal that numismatic evidence from Scotland and England demonstrated that the bracelets were in fashion during there during the 10th and 11th centuries. That the Vikings were responsible for their introduction into Ireland can be seen by the occu rrence of the Runic letter R incised on the back of one of the bracelets from the hoard from Roosky which emphasised its Scandinavian derivation.  [15]   The second sub group of coinless hoards contain ingots and/or ornaments but no hack silver. This type of hoard is more uncommon and makes up only 16% of the total number of coinless  hoards. In most cases these ornaments are of Hiberno-Scandinavian type and vary in number from two to four examples. Case Study: Hoard from Carraig Aille, County Limerick The next sub group accounts for 36% of the total coinless hoards and is characterized by the presence of hack silver. Most of these hoards also contain ingots. A classic example of this type of hoard in that from Carraig Aille, County Limerick, which contains one complete ring, three ring fragments, two ingots and an ingot fragment.  [16]  The fragments of bracelets found here link to the hoard mentioned previously which consisted of 25 silver bracelets from County Mayo. Both are the same type of bracelet (rectangular and cross-sectioned) and are dated to the 10th century.  [17]   The context in which the hoard from Carriag Aille, Co. Limerick was found is quite interesting. On the hill where the hoard was found stand two Iron age stone Cashels which are on the bank of Lough Gur and dated between 8th and 11th century AD. Both forts are quite low, the wall only maybe 1- 1.5m high although originally they would have been considerably higher. There is an entrance in both of them to the east. This fort is not unusual in style and would have been built by the native Irish.  [18]  The question lies on who was responsible for creating the hoard and who buried it. It seems that the bracelet is Scandinavian whereas the ingots have no evidence to suggest their origin. The 10th century was a turbulent time in Co. Limerick. The Vikings founded the town Limerick in 922 AD as a strategic point between the Shannon and Abbey River. However the Vikings often fought each other (seen with the attack of Vikings from Dublin on Limerick in 924) as well as fighting the native Ir ish. In 968 the Irish gained control over Limerick but it was short lived as in 969 the Vikings regained their authority. It would be until the early 11th century until the Irish assumed full control of the town once again and this time the Vikings absorbed into Irish society.  [19]  Carraig Aille is roughly 20km from the town of Limerick and would have been easily accessible by rivers. There is evidence of the Waterford Vikings creating a base at Lough Gur, which Carraig Aille is in close proximity to on the east side. Carriag Aille would have witnessed the base which was built as an advancement point for the Waterford Vikings to Limerick. During the disputes with the Limerick Vikings and Dublin Vikings, the Waterford Vikings sided with Dublin. The Waterfordmen were defeated by the Limerick Vikings and their Irish allies, apparently at Kilmallock (which lies in between Limerick and Logh Gur) in 927.  [20]  Geographically Carraig Aille could have been caught amongst the disp utes and the subsequent burial of the hoard could be a consequence as the date of the bracelets coincide with the power struggles in that area. What is not certain is whether the native Irish or the Vikings buried the hoard, as that would depend on who had control over the forts, this evidence is not available. Their similarity to the 25 silver bracelets found in County Mayo suggest that they were made by Hiberno-Norse silversmiths. Chapter IIII: Mixed hoards: Mixed hoards consist of non-numismatic silver combined with coins. Around 16 of Irelands hoards are of this type, fifteen of which were deposited during the 10th century. Most of these hoards contain ingots or ingot derived hack silver in addition to coins and occasionally ornament derived hack silver. The 10th century first see substantial amounts of coins be buried with hoards in Ireland. It was the period of the second half of the 9th century and the first half of the tenth century that saw Hiberno Vikings develop their silver-working. From 920 until ca 1000 begins the most debatable phase of hoard deposition. It was in this period that the Vikings increased their power in Leinster and Munster and consequently there was an upsurge in violence between the Vikings and the Irish and indeed the Vikings amongst themselves. Dublin was also rapidly growing as a trading port. The deposition of hoards reach a peak in c.970 and the scholar Dolley has suggested that this coincides with risin g violence prior o the defeat of the Vikings at the battle of Tara in 980.  [21]   There were a large number of coins minted in York found in hoards dating to the early part of the period and this reflects close political links between Viking York and Dublin. Hoards from c.925-c.975 are dominated by Anglo-Saxon coins minted in Chester which reflects the importance of the trade route between Dublin and Chester. After c.975 the number of coins from Chester decline and the number of coins from the West country rises which show the growing importance of the Dublin to/from Bristol trade route. The re-establishment of Dublin and the growth of other Viking towns during the first decades of the 10th century saw a gradual transition from bullion towards coin usage in economy. Whereas previously coins were often melted, now they began to be retained as familiarity for coin usage in trade increased which would finally lead to the minting of the first Hiberno-Norse coins in Dublin c- 977. The earliest hoards of Hiberno-Norse coins from Dundalk, County Louth and Clondalkin, Cou nty Dublin were deposited around c.997-1000. The practise of hoarding continued, however by the end of the millennium Viking age silver hoards contained rarely anything except coins.  [22]  23 The distribution of coinless hoards are relatively evenly spread over much of Ireland, however mixed hoards and coin hoards display a strong concentration on the east coast of the east Midlands. This can be seen as evidence for the central role of Viking costal settlements, particularly Dublin in the dispersal of silver within Ireland.  [24]   Case Study: Mixed hoard from Dysart Island, County Westmeath This hoard is a relatively recent and was deposited ca. 907 AD. This hoard contains Kufic dirhams and coins from Anglo Saxon England, Viking York and possibly Carollingian in Germany as well as ingots and a variety of fragmentary ornaments. This important hoard may in part be derived from wealth captured by the Irish as a result of the sack of Dublin. The Dysart Island hoard could reflect the expulsion of the Vikings from Ireland in 902 and their subsequent settlement in north-west Britain. Metal analysis of the silver in the Dysart hoard demonstrates close affinities with the nearby hoard from Carrick which contained 60 ingots and it is possible that they are of similar date.  [25]   The Dysart hoard is significant in that it has ingots which are quite like those from the infamous Cuerdale hoard. Graham Cambell uses this as evidence that the Norse remained actively involved in Irish affairs despite their loss of Dublin in 902.  [26]  Graham Cambell has shown that the massive Cuerdale Hoard of ca. 903 is of likely Hiberno-Norse origin. Cuerdale was in Danish-Viking Northumbria but close to Norse Viking strongholds in Ireland. The hoard contained about 7,000 coins and over 1,300 pieces of silver. The range of the material, including Hiberno-Norse armrings and fragments of both bossed penannular brooches and thistle brooches, is closely comparable with Dysart. The slightly later hoard from Goldsborough c.920, Yorkshire also contains fragments of similar brooches and armrings. Hoards outside of Ireland could be possible evidence of the sudden defeat of the Vikings in Ireland and the subsequent bringing of the silversmith trade to Britain. The publishers of the Dy sart coin hoard conclude that the hoard was deposited in an entirely Irish context at a time when the Vikings had been expelled from Dublin.  [27]   Chapter V: Coin hoards Finally the last category of Viking hoard in Ireland is the hoard which consists exclusively of coins. These hoards represent in bullion terms and insignificant element of the overall silver wealth of the Viking Age in Ireland. There are over sixty examples of coin hoards on record however most of these are quite small in size. The majority were deposited after c.940 and the type of issues found in them are predominantly Anglo Saxon. However Arabic coins as well as those issued by the Viking Northumbrian and East Anglian rulers are also represented. Hiberno-Norse coin issues dominate the composition of the 11th century hoards. Michael Dolley has established some theories about coins from Viking age Ireland. Coins were first imported by the Dublin Hiberno-Norse and coin use in Ireland was confined to the Norse. Graham Cambell has remained non-committal on the subject of whether the native Irish used coins. Irish coin use, as opposed to the study of coins themselves as been of secondary interest in works by scholars such as Michael Dolley. Marilyn Gerriets states that closer examination of evidence demonstrated that the conclusion that the Irish rejected the use of coins is based on little evidence.  [28]   She argues that hoards do not correlate with patterns of Norse settlement but rather more hoards are found in territories controlled by independent Irish kings. Secondly, non-coin Viking artefacts are better correlated with Viking activity in the interior of Ireland than are coins. Dolleys theory of spatial distribution of coin hoards and other artefacts is an unreliable indicator of coin use. Many factors, including the pattern of contemporary violence and the distribution of modern economic activity, bias the pattern of finds. The hypothesis that the Irish did not use coin still could be supported if the assumption was made that coins founds in Irish territories bordering Dublin arrived as plunder from rains on Dublin or were lost by Vikings resident in Irish kingdoms. Although some hoards lost in Irish territory could have been the booty of plunder, many hoards correlate poorly with instances of plunder recorded in the Annals according to Gerriets.  [29]  Irish regions have mo re hoards during their periods of greatest power when Irish natives were in control instead of Vikings. Gerriets argues that too little is known about early Irish society to support the argument regarding how the Irish might have used coin, or whether they used it at all. Case Study: Coin hoard from Dunbrody, County Wexford This coin hoard is the largest found in Ireland with over 1600 examples of coin. It was discovered in 1836 beside Waterford harbour. This reflects the function of the estuary as a trade route. It could also relate to trading activities with the adjacent monastic centre of Kilmokea, situated at a strategic ferry crossing on the road linking the Norse towns of Wexford and Waterford.  [30]   The hoard consists of predominantly Hiberno-Norse phase coins In addition there were ca. 200 late Anglo-Saxon pennies from editions by Cnut to Edward the Confessor, the majority being of the latter. The hoard therefore can be dated to c.1050 based on the Anglo-Saxon element.  [31]  Waterford Harbour was under the control of Vikings during this period and therefore it is plausible that the hoard was buried by Vikings, however we cannot be certain. Conclusion: The distribution patterns of silver hoards in Ireland give us the most information about the relations between the Vikings and the Irish. Coinless hoards are fairly evenly spread, however with a concentration in the central midlands. Mixed hoards and coin hoards are found predominantly in the midlands and east coast of Ireland. The majority of silver hoards were deposited in areas of Ireland that were not under control by the Vikings which can be taken as evidence that although many of the finds were Viking in style, they were in fact in the ownership of the native Irish. We cannot be certain how the wealth was acquired but the fact that the hoards were found in contemporary native Irish territory suggests evidence of trade and the process of giving receiving gifts between the Irish and the Vikings. The changing economy of Viking Ireland can be seen by the steady transformation of what was contained in hoards. From the late 9th century to the early 10th century there is a steady tran sition from a bullion economy (seen in the coinless hoards) to an economy which imported and used coins. Coins were in existence before the burial of coin hoards, however many were melted to their silver state in order to be used for other objects. Coins began being retained, and this transition is represented by the mixed hoards which can be associated with the foundation of the Scandinavian towns during the beginning of the 10th century. From the mid of the 10th century, coinless and mixed hoards decline dramatically whilst coin hoards become more prominent. By the beginning of the 11th century the transformation from bullion is completed.

Lessons Concerning Staffing Decisions and Bringing About School Change Essay

Gary Hopkins, in his article, enumerated some of the lessons learned by principals on making staff decisions and bringing about school change. These lessons came from the principals that have learned them from mistakes made first hand. They hope to give advice to new school administrators or even those current ones in decision-making regarding staff members, hiring new ones, and making changes with school tradition or policy. Hopkins (2004), in one of his headings, said that â€Å"hiring decisions are the most importatnt decisions. One principal confessed that he had hired a teachers who should have been on an IEP (Individualized Education Program) herself. The principal confessed that he had just listened to verbal recommendations only and did not make any further background check on the teacher before hiring her. The lesson: don’t do a â€Å"reference check without asking specific, detailed questions on the performance and personality background of a potential candidate† (Hopkins 2004). Another lesson when it comes to the staff is involving them to the decision-making. Collaboration and participation is imperative,† (Hopkins 2004) according to one of the principals in Hopkins’ article. Listening to staff members will ensure their support in any decisions made most of the time, whether they agree with it or not. â€Å"People will often accept a decision or outcome contrary to what they wanted oiginally if they believe their point of view was listened to respectfully and taken into consideration,† (Hopkins 2004) that’s according to another principal in Hopkins’ article. Another principal adviced that recognizing of teachers, or just saying ‘thanks’ for any favor will pay back tenfold. In the end, she held that â€Å"what we do is all about people, not policy. This is not to say that we don’t follow policy, but we have a lot of flexibility when deciding what is best for kids† (Hopkins 2004). However, the most difficult situation that the principal may face is when proposing or deciding to change something within the school, even if it is for the best interest of the students. One principal shared that â€Å"the biggest challenge I have found is balancing the need to both honor a school’s past and move it into the future†¦ I constantly struggle with how to delicately let people know that sometimes ‘the way we’ve always done it’ is just not good enough† (Hopkins 2004). Bringing about change is really a difficult task in any field, not just with education. Even when one has already made the step to listen to the members’ opinions, people most of the times are afraid of change and will oppose it rigorously. Finding the right blend of diplomacy and chiding, professional development and empowerment, top-down delivery and delegation are just a handful of the issues principals must consider as they lead their schools toward change,† according to Hopkins (2004). What really is alarming is that some people are reluctant at improvement. One principal stated that â€Å"the biggest goof I made early in my career as a principal was believing that everyone on the staff felt the same way I did about raising standards, improving academics, and reforming schools in general† (Hopkins 2004). He specified about one of the schools this principal led: â€Å"even though our test scores were near the bottom in our school district, most staff members were content. Our drop-out rates, discipline stats, and attendance were at the bottom too. As one teacher put it to me: Well, somebody has to be at the bottom† (Hopkins 2004). Hopkins’ article is an eye-opener for the realities of school administration. Other principals surely must learn something from this, but students and their parents, and other concerned teachers and school staff may also find something to learn and act accordingly to improve education standards.

Hamlet: Divine Intervention and the Natural Order Essay

The first part of the theory is that of Divine Intervention – this being the easier of the two parts to explain. This works off the idea that some manner of God or All-Powerful Force does actually exist. Divine Intervention is, therefore, the notion that this God can manipulate the world either through direct or indirect action. In the text and film, for instance, the Ghost comes as a messenger from this God, motivating Hamlet to do its will. This is both an example of direct divine intervention – in the appearance of the Ghost; and indirect divine intervention – as the God uses Hamlet to carry out its deeds. The second part of the concept is the Natural Order of the world. This can be brought down to its base form as: ‘What is supposed to happen.’ Unfortunately, it isn’t that simple. The Natural Order exists always, however is not always followed. This ‘breaking away’ from the Order is usually the result of Human Intervention, developing one of two outcomes. These are: either the Natural Order is re-aligned, or the world remains a corrupt and terrible place until such time as the first outcome is realised. So, the world is repaired, or an unending loop of badness ensues until it is. In the play, the Order was broken when Claudius killed King Hamlet, and from the opening lines the ‘wrongness’ that lingers in the air is noted, setting the mood for the remainder of the play: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢tis bitter cold and I am sick at heart.† (I,1,8-9) said Francisco as he was relieved from watch-duty. Also, in the film, these words are greatly aided in their purpose by the images of snow-covered Denmark. Another line, in the fourth act: â€Å"something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (I.4.67) reaffirms this mood and goes further to place Francisco’s sickness at heart down to a rottenness in Denmark. Now, how the world is realigned with the Natural Order is the link back to the first part of the concept: Humans are the creatures, knowingly or unknowingly, that fix the problems that throw the world out of Order in the  first place. In Hamlet, this is the case. Without Divine Intervention, however, Denmark would have remained in a state of malaise: The Ghost, you see, gave Hamlet the one piece of information that was needed to manipulate him into action: That his father, King Hamlet, had been murdered. With this knowledge, Hamlet was able to mould his grief into anger – albeit slowly – and fulfill the will of the God by realigning the Natural Order in Denmark. There are two parallels running: the first from King Fortinbras to Fortinbras and the second from King Hamlet to Hamlet. Both are disrupted, causing not one, but two interlocking lines of Natural Order to be upset. This is, perhaps, the reason Divine Intervention was necessary to fix it; Claudius’s murder of King Hamlet gave him power not only over Denmark, but Poland also. As can be seen, the major character that the concept of Divine Intervention and Natural Order can be related to is, or course, Hamlet. He is the most interconnected character in the text; the manipulated being used indirectly by God, and also the one to realign the natural order. But why? This quote, from Philip Edwards, explains: â€Å"What is unendurable to heaven is not to be endured by men. Evil is not ineradicable, and heaven may appoint an agent of its justice to pluck it out – Hamlet.† Thus, Hamlet is Divine Justice, charged by the Ghost of his Father – a messenger from God – to cleanse Denmark of evil. â€Å"Revenge his foul and unnatural murder.† (I,5,71) And he goes about it with a passion. From Philip Edward’s essay this quote is taken: â€Å"The voice he hears gives him his mission, which he rapidly expands into a cleansing of the world, a setting right of disjointed time. As the scourge and minister of heaven, he willfully seeks his own salvation by flailing others with his tongue for their moral inadequacies and redirecting their lives as he moves forward to a killing which will re-baptise the state of Denmark.† To which I add, not just one, but seven killings. The realignment of the Natural Order is realised in the final scene in the  final act, just before Hamlet’s death: â€Å"The rest is silence.† (V,2) As there is no definite in-text acknowledgement that the Natural Order was upset, conclusions can be drawn from other lines, the descriptor of rottenness in Demark being one of them. And so it is that, although there is no line saying â€Å"The world is now in alignment with the Natural Order†, we can say â€Å"The rest is silence† is the realisation that the world is right again. There is no more chaos, no trouble, just peace – usually equated with silence and calm. The major impact of the Divine Intervention and Natural Order theory is upon the audience’s perception of the play after its conclusion. The dominant view taken is that Hamlet, although achieving his goal of revenge, caused a chaotic mess of death that was, in itself, meaningless. This view lends itself to a play-given moral of ‘revenge is bad’ or some other similarly droll statement of absolutes. When applying the text to the Natural Order theory, the deaths of the six apparently innocent characters – Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia, Laertes, Rosencrantz and Gildenstern – can be justified. All were wronged by Claudius’s misdeed, all were in the wrong in some part, and thus, all had been moved out of the Natural Order – even if it was without choice. Their deaths are integral to the realignment of the Order; if they remain, the corruption lingers also. In death, they are no longer tools of Claudius – who is the cause of the disruption – and do not obstruct Hamlet’s duty as divine justice. Rather than a purposeless bloodbath, the deaths of the six were actually a necessity to achieving peace and new Order: Gertrude had married her brother-in-law, and it is quite likely had been seeing him before the death of King Hamlet. Incest, in the time of Hamlet (and, of course, in the current time) was looked upon with great distaste and marrying one’s brother-in-law was seen as incest – unlike now. Rosencrantz and Gildenstern had been enlisted by Claudius to spy on Hamlet and gauge his madness. Spying is an immoral act, and their doing so, even if enlisted by Claudius, put them in line for a cosmic spanking. Polonius had spied on Hamlet as well as having plotted with Claudius to partake in many misdeeds. His faults are, perhaps, the most blatant. Laertes, after the death of his father, consents to follow the whim of Claudius and poison Hamlet. A big mistake, for he ends up taking the life of another human – a cardinal sin. Lastly, Ophelia; although there is no hard evidence in the play, she may have slept with Hamlet. If this is the case, and sex before marriage is her â€Å"wrong†, then Shakespeare’s search for evil – and successive eradication of it – was very thorough. As well as altering the perception of the audience, the play itself can be viewed in a new light: Shakespeare’s Hamlet had yet another underlying meaning. Along with concepts of revenge, ambition, love, marriage, gender, class structure, morality, betrayal and deceit, appearances and reality and madness, the idea that evil does not go unpunished can be expounded to include God as a punisher, hunting down every little transgression and demanding payment in triplicate; payable with ones eternal soul. Finally, â€Å"what about Hamlet’s death?† I hear you ask. Charged with the responsibility of divine justice, it would seem wrong that he should die, right? His death was one big accident, occurring because Laertes was persuaded by Claudius to poison the sword he used to fight Hamlet. No. Such a simple and†¦ slack answer does not support the theory of Divine Intervention and Natural Order. Hamlet’s death was also necessary to fixing a jaded world. As can be seen from the flowchart, King Fortinbras’ power passed to King Hamlet with his death – not to Fortinbras as must be assumed it would have. When Claudius gained power, not one, but two Kings had been wronged – their command stolen by evil. Hamlet dying, after killing Claudius and retrieving the power of the Kings, was the final piece in the puzzle. Control passed to Fortinbras – the only major character not to have committed acts of†¦ poor judgement (to put it lightly), and the Natural Order was truly repaired. Both Denmark and Poland had a ruler of integrity and the eternal loop of badness could be overcome, allowing the world to move into new times of industry and wonder. Bibliography: Coyle, M., (ed.) (1992) Hamlet: Contemporary Critical Essays, Macmillan Education Ltd, London. Muir, K., Wells, S., (ed.) (1980) Aspects of Hamlet, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Shakespeare, W., (ed.) Ridley, M. R., (1964) The Tragedy of Hamlet, Mackays of Chatham. Stockton, C. L., (2000) CliffsNotes on Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Wiley Publishing Inc., New York.